What causes dark circles under your eyes?

Dark circles and bags under eyes can have many different causes. Most are harmless and can be treated through a healthy lifestyle. Sometimes, however, serious health problems can be behind it.

How to Cure Dark Circles Under Your Eyes?

It is best to find the cause of the dark circles so that the problem can be tackled at the roots, i.e. get enough sleep if you are exhausted or adjust your diet if you have an unbalanced diet. On some days, however, the dark circles are simply annoying and you want to get rid of them for a short time. You can use an under eye dark circle concealer to quickly cover them. However, even the best eye cream for dark circles may cause allergic reactions. If you experience redness or burning, wash your face with clean water and see a doctor.

How can I surgically treat under-eye circles and under-eye bags?

Fat transfer from another part of the body to fill a trough on the skin can be used as an alternative to dermal fillers for the treatment of dark circles in the under-eye area. This requires a small amount of liposuction for harvesting of fat in an area such as tummy, and then includes the injection of this fat in under-eyes and face areas that require adding volume again. The transferred fat reproduces again in its new position, and acts similarly to dermal filling to soften or smoothen the area under the eyes.

Are Dark Circles Dangerous?

In most cases, dark circles are not dangerous. If you don't have any other symptoms besides frequent dark circles under your eyes, you don't usually have to worry. However, if the dark circles appear suddenly and seemingly without reason, last longer, and are even accompanied by other symptoms, it is worth consulting a doctor for clarification.

Am I A Good Candidate For Under Eye Treatment?

The patients that complain that their under-eyes have an empty appearance, and bruises and fat pockets in their under-eyes are getting bigger are usually candidates for this treatment. Picking patients that are suitable for under-eye light filling treatment is a process that requires expert opinion. Perfect candidates should have a good skin flexibility and adequate skin thickness. Because of these reasons, not everyone can be a good candidate for under-eye light filling treatment. In addition, innovative ways are sometimes found to treat the patients that are not ideal candidates. This sometimes includes gradual treatments.

Which dermal filling materials are used?

The most widely used filling materials used for the tear through area are made from a material called hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid consists of cross linked sugar chains to give it a gel consistency. Forms of hyaluronic acid can naturally be found on the skin, eyes and joints of body.

What Should You Expect?

Dermal filling material is injected under the eye during the treatment. Most of the time, only 1 ml of dermal filling material is necessary to inject in under the eyes, which is injected less than half a milliliter in each eye. Some patients undergo a second treatment 6-9 months after the first treatment. A third treatment may be suggested after months to get the desired effect.

What causes dark circles under eyes?

Dark circles under the eyes are mostly due to translucent blood vessels (hereditary or the result of, for example, sleep, fluid or iron deficiency, alcohol consumption, smoking, drug abuse, kidney or thyroid diseases). However, some dark circles are also caused by hyperpigmentation of the skin (hereditary or the result of, for example, increased UV radiation, certain skin diseases, drugs, or certain medications).

How to hide under eye circles?

Make sure you get enough sleep and drink enough. Drink alcohol in moderation and avoid smoking altogether. If that doesn't help, you can use concealers. With these special cosmetic creams, you can at least temporarily hide the dark circles under the eyes.

Are dark under-eye circles permanent?

The dark circles under the eyes are often hereditary and have no pathological value. It can be said that they are permanent, however, with certain changes in lifestyle, cosmetics or treatments, their appearance can be minimalized.

What vitamins are good for dark circles under the eyes?

Iron, zinc, and vitamin K play crucial roles in treating dark circles.

What should we eat to remove dark circles under the eyes?

You can eat fresh fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin K, meat, and wholegrain and drink lots of water.

Should I contact my doctor if I notice asymmetry on my face before 4 weeks pass?

No. There is no need for you to call your doctor. Sometimes asymmetry occurs because one side swells or bruises more. Usually, this will have disappeared on its own by the time of your control appointment. Otherwise, it may be examined at control appointment. There is no meaning behind why asymmetry occurs soon, because swelling is often the case and the final result cannot be seen until at least 2 weeks later. Treating asymmetry too soon may cause more asymmetry. The other thing that should be considered is that many patients have asymmetric tear through in the first place.

Is the procedure reversible in case I am unhappy with the results?

Most of the filling material Doctor Güray uses during his procedure are hyaluronic acid (HA) based filling materials. These are composed of hyaluronic acid which is a natural product that is found in our skin and joints. The product is not permanent, and may last more than 6 months depending on where it is injected and the type of hyaluronic acid based filling material. The best thing about these products is that reverse is possible in situations when the patient is not satisfied with the results.

What are the difficulties about the use of dermal filling materials in the treatment of dark circles in under-eyes?

Under-eye area is possibly the most difficult area on the face to treat with dermal filling materials. Patients criticize the area a lot especially after having the treatment; this usually results from wishing perfection or perfect smoothness. However, the search for perfection is full of problems.

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What Are Dark Circles Under Eyes?

Dark circles under the eyes are characterized by darker skin beneath the eyes. This darkened area might appear as purple or blue instead of brown or black depending on skin color. Although they are generally not a symptom of a medical condition, dark circles can be distressing since they can make the individual look older or tired. Several factors can contribute to their occurrence.

Dark circles are a common cosmetic issue among many people. It can happen due to many genetic or external factors. These factors include:

Hyperpigmentation under the eyes due to sun exposure,
Post-Inflammatory hyperpigmentation,
Aging,
Smoking,
Dehydration,
Lack of sleep,
Allergies that can cause inflammation and swelling,
Overconsumption of alcohol,
Stress,
Eczema,
Anemia,
Shadowing in thin skin.

These external factors can be taken under control with lifestyle changes or medicine. Dark circles can also be caused by a genetic predisposition to thin or fair skin under the eyes. Genetic dark circles are handled with cosmetic treatments.

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How to Get Rid of Under Eye Circles?

The treatment of dark circles varies according to the reason behind it and its severity. People with mild to moderate under-eye dark circles can get rid of dark circles by making certain changes in their lifestyle. These habit shifts include:

Adjusting sleep schedule to get adequate sleep,
Staying hydrated,
Reducing stress,
Preserving skin from sun exposure with sunscreen,

If your dark circles are caused by allergies, you have to manage your allergy first. A cold compress is an option for reducing dark circles. You may also utilize eye creams, topical creams, and serums by consulting your dermatologist.

Cosmetic treatments can be considered when these treatments are not enough to eliminate dark circles. Some of these are:

Laser therapy: This option includes breaking the pigment up with lasers targeting the dark area.
Chemical peels: This solution exfoliates the outer layer of skin to reduce the darkness.
Dermal fillers: Hyaluronic acid is injected into the under the eye to increase volume and reduce dark circles.
Microneedling: This type of cosmetic procedure involves a device with fine needles that make tiny punctures in the skin to stimulate collagen production.
Under eye light filler: Eye light filler contains hyaluronic acid and amino acid with vitamins and minerals. This solution eliminates wrinkles and dark circles to give a more lively appearance to the face.

You can get the most effective cosmetic treatment for under-eye dark circles at Vanity Cosmetic Surgery Hospital.

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How Much Does Dark Circles Under Eyes Treatment Cost in Turkey?

Turkey has become a prominent country in the medical tourism industry in recent years. It is especially well known for its success rate in cosmetic treatments. One of the features of Turkey that makes it a popular place for aesthetic surgeries is the fact that it is a fairly affordable country. If you’re looking for a cosmetic treatment for your dark circles, Turkey can be the perfect destination. The cost of the procedures for dark circles under the eyes filler starts from €310 in Vanity but this price can vary depending on:

The technology used,
Location of the clinic,
Services offered before and after the operation,
Any additional treatment,
The expertise of the specialist.

Finding a trustworthy expert is one of the most important steps in getting the treatment you wish for, and it can be challenging. However, you can always trust our skilled professionals. Our specialists at Vanity Cosmetic Surgery Hospital have years of experience in their fields and are proven successful in cosmetic procedures. After undergoing treatment for dark circles under eyes Turkey offers you a beautiful touristic experience. You can enjoy Istanbul’s beauty while having your dark circles treated with us.

Dark Circles Under Eyes Cost Turkey vs. UK & US

The treatment for dark circles under eyes in Turkey is more affordable than in developed countries. While the average price of dark circles under eyes treatment in Turkey in Turkey typically ranges from €300 to €600, the UK cost goes up to £750-£1800. In the US the same treatment costs around $1,000-$1,700.

Turkey is commonly preferred by patients who come from abroad since Turkey offers successful treatment at a cheaper price in superior facilities.

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Why Choose Turkey for Dark Circles Under Eyes Treatment?

Getting your treatment in Turkey has many advantages over other countries such as:

Treatment costs for dark circles under the eyes are more economical in Turkey, even when all of the expenses are included.
You can experience the cultural riches, natural attractions, and the history behind all of Turkey after you get your treatment.
The clinics and hospitals in Turkey utilize the latest technology and hold international health accreditations, including JCI.
The skilled specialists in Turkey are experts in their fields with extensive experience and they follow the latest developments.

We always offer you the best service in our comfortable and hygienic hospitals

Dark Circles Under Eyes in Turkey Fast Facts

Comprehensive treatment packages
Popular touristic destinations
Visa exemption or facilitation
Cost-effective prices

High satisfaction rates
Internationally accredited health service
Special care both before and after the operation
Various options for dark circle treatment

Our Doctors

Güray Yeşiladalı, M.D.

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Personal Details

Officially appointed expert in the field of plastic surgery, Highly experienced plastic surgeon specialising in breast and buttock enhancements, rhinoplasty, liposuction, fat transfer procedures.
Graduated from Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine.
Won the Turkish-German Medical Association Scholarship and had the chance to study in Giessen University, Germany.
He started his Plastic Surgery residency in Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital in Istanbul.
Apart from performing thousands of plastic surgery operations, he was accepted as an International Fellow to Wisconsin University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in United States, and had the chance to improve his surgical skills, experience and international communication abilities.

Certifications and professional memberships

International Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (ISAPS),
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Association (EPCD),
Fellow of the European Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (FEBOPRAS)
Istanbul Medical Chamber
Rhinoplasty Society of Europe

Other

Performing thousands of plastic surgery operations.
Founder of Vanity Cosmetic Surgery hospital(2016).

Bora Ok, M.D.

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Personal Details

MD. Bora Ok completed his medical education with honors at Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine.
He began his professional career by receiving specialization training in the field of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery at Istanbul Haydarpasa Training and Research Hospital.
During his specialization training, he participated in numerous hand surgeries, burn treatments, congenital anomaly corrections, microsurgery procedures, tumor surgeries, and aesthetic surgical operations.
He successfully completed a microsurgery course organized by the Reconstructive Microsurgery Association at Dokuz Eylül University.
Member of International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS) and more.
Speaks fluent English.

Certifications and professional memberships

American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS)
American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS)
International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS)
Rhinoplasty Society of Europe (RSE)
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Association
Turkish Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Association
Turkish Medical Association

Other

MD. Ok is renowned for his expertise in ethnic rhinoplasty and closed rhinoplasty procedures.
He uses state-of-the-art methods to achieve exceptional results in breast augmentation, breast lifts, neck lifts, facelifts, eyelid surgery, body shaping, liposuction, tummy tuck, and mommy makeover procedures.
Dr. Ok’s approach to patient care is highly personalized, taking into consideration each patient’s needs and expectations. He is deeply commited to providing his patients with the highest quality of care and achieving outstanding results. After closely listening to their wishes and goals, he creates a realistic framework that puts them on the path to achieving their dreams.

Prof. Dr. Sinem Eroğlu

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Personal Details

Graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Medicine in English in 2000,
Completed her residency in the field of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery at Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital in 2006.
In 2012 by being successful in written and oral exams and has received a professor title in 2022.
Assumed the administrative responsibility for University of Health Sciences Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital between 2012 and 2021.

Certifications and professional memberships

International Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (ISAPS).
Fellow of the European Board of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery(FEBOPRAS).

Other

Prof. Dr. Sinem Eroğlu, who has more than 50 articles and more than 100 announcements that were published in the international and national scientific journals.
Accept her clients in Vanity Cosmetic Surgery Hospital since 2022.
Working at Vanity Cosmetic Surgery hospital since 2022

Assoc. Prof. Kadri İla

Ear Nose Throat Specialist

Personal Details

Graduated from Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul University in 2006.
After specialty training on Ear Nose Throat at School of Medicine Hospital of Kocaeli University.
In 2020, he became associate professor.
He has experiences in the United States of America as a supervisor,
Worked at Netherlands Cancer Institute Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and as a research assistant at University of Miami, a rather important university in the field of clinical care and medical education.

Certifications and professional memberships

European Board of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.
Turkish Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.

Other

He has approximately 30 articles and almost 40 papers internationally and nationally.-Working at Vanity Cosmetic Surgery Hospital since August 2022.

Semih Yıldız, M.D.

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Personal Details

Completed his medical training at Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine (Çapa Medicine) in 2014.
Completing his compulsory service in Emergency Medicine at Batman Kozluk State Hospital.
Began his training in Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery at Mersin University in 2015.
Received his residency at Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital in 2021.
Completed his mandatory service at Ağrı Training and Research Hospital in 2022.

Certifications and professional memberships

Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Association (TPRECD)
International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS)
Fellow of the European Board of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (FEBOPRAS)
Turkish Doctors Assoc.

Other

His hobbies are music, music production, graphic design and cinematography.
Working at Vanity Cosmetic Surgery Hospital since February 2023.

Buğra İpek, M.D.

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Personal Details

Started his medical education at Haccettepe University in 2009.
Participated in exchange programs in Portugal (2010) and Greece (2012) during his education.
Completed his medical education in 2015 and started to work at S.B.U Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital in 2016 as an assistant in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
Appointed to Şanlıurfa Mehmet Akif İnan ERH as a specialist in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

Certifications and professional memberships

Young plastic surgeon award in Belgrad.
Turkey Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Society.
Fellow of the European Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (FEBOPRAS).
Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Association (TPRECD)
Istanbul Medical Chamber
European Board of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.
Turkish Doctors Assoc.

Other

During his working life, he attended training that would strengthen his expertise in his field and received various certificates.
Working at Vanity Cosmetic Surgery Hospital since February 2023.

Can Zeliha Gül, M.D.

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Personal Details

Dr. Can Zeliha Gül completed her medical training at Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine (Çapa Medicine) in 2011.
M.D. Gül began her professional career by receiving specialization training in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery at Şişli Etfal Research and Training Hospital, where she worked between 2011 and 2017.
From 2017 to 2019, she served in the field of Plastic Surgery at Gaziantep Nizip State Hospital.
She worked at Vanity Cosmetic Surgery Hospital from 2019 to 2021, further enhancing her knowledge and experience in the field of aesthetic surgery.

Certifications and professional memberships

Fellow of the European Board Of Plastic, Reconstructive And Aesthetic Surgery (FEBOPRAS)
Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive And Aesthetic Surgery Association (TPRECD)
Aesthetic And Plastic Surgery Association (EPCD)
Turkish Doctors Assoc. (TTB)
International Society Of Plastic Surgery (ISAPS)

Other

In August 2023, she rejoined the team at Vanity Hospital. She aims to provide patients with the highest quality healthcare utilizing her knowledge and skills in the field of aesthetic and reconstructive surgery to enhance their quality of life.

Erman Menekşe, M.D.

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Personal Details

Graduated at Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine in 2014.
Performing his compulsory service in the emergency medicine unit of Yozgat Boğazlıyan district.
Started his Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery training at Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine in 2016.
Specialization from Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine in 2021.
Between 2021-2023 completing his compulsory service obligation at Ağrı Training and Research Hospital

Certifications and professional memberships

Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Association (TPRECD).
Aesthetics and Plastic Surgery Association (EPCD)
Fellow of the European Board of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (FEBOPRAS)

Other

Working at Vanity Cosmetic Surgery Hospital since 2023.

Mert Sızmaz, M.D.

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Personal Details

Graduated at Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine in English.
Specialty training at Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital.
In 2019 he was in the United States as part of the observership program.
He completed his compulsory service at Kars Harakani State Hospital.

Certifications and professional memberships

Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Association (TPRECD)
Fellow of the European Board of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery(FEBOPRAS)
Istanbul Medical Chamber
Turkey Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Society
Turkish Doctors Assoc.

Other

He had the opportunity to experience many surgeries at Tampa General Hospital.
He has publications in many national and international journals.
Working at Vanity Cosmetic Surgery Hospital since 2023.

Çağatay Öner, M.D.

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Personal Details

Dr. Çağatay Öner completed his medical education at Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa English Faculty of Medicine in 2014.
He completed his Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery specialist training, which he started in 2015, at Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital in 2020.
In 2019, he participated in an observership program in Germany to enhance his experience in the field of Aesthetic Surgery.
He worked in the field of Plastic Surgery at Şırnak State Hospital between 2020-2022.

Certifications and professional memberships

Turkish Society of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery (TPRECD)
Fellow of the European Board of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery (FEBOPRAS)
Turkish Doctors Assoc.

Other

He has publications in various national and international journals.
His hobbies include nature photography, skiing, scuba diving, and trekking.

Aysel Paşazade, M.D.

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Personal Details

In 2010, she began medical education at Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine.
Completed her medical education in 2016, started to work in Bursa Uludağ University Hospital in 2018 as a specialist in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
M.D. Paşazade successfully completed her specialization training in 2023 and earned the title of ‘Specialist Doctor.

Certifications and professional memberships

M.D. Paşazade member of the Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Association. (EPCD)
7th İstanbul Rhinoplasty Live Surgery Course
Face to Face Istanbul 2024 – Live Surgery International Congress

Other

During her tenure, she has participated in trainings and symposiums to strengthen her expertise in the field.
Among her hobbies is painting, where she expresses her creativity on the canvas.

Barış Kanık, M.D.

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Personal Details

Started his medical education at Dokuz Eylül University in 2009.
Completed his medical education in 2015, started to work in Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital in 2017 as a specialist in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
In 2022, he left this hospital and was appointed to Çankırı State Hospital.
Dr. Kanık completed his 2-year compulsory service in Çankırı State Hospital 2022-2024.

Certifications and professional memberships

European Board of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (EBOPRAS) Certificate
Turkish Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Association (TPRECD) Certificate
Turkish Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery Course

Other

During his working life, he attended training that would strengthen his expertise in his field and received various
certificates.
His hobbies include playing the electric guitar, cultivating plants, and cycling.
Working at Vanity Cosmetic Surgery Hospital since August 2024.

Emre Erol, M.D.

Deputy General Manager Responsible for Administrative and Medical Affairs

Personal Details

Emre Erol M.D., who graduated from Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine in 2006, completed his specialty in the Department of Family Medicine at Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine.
While actively practicing medicine at the Ministry of Health for 16 years, he has also held administrative positions such as educator, manager, and responsible physician for over 10 years.
In 2022, he joined the Vanity family as the Deputy General Manager responsible for Administrative and Medical Affairs, with his medical and administrative experience in the field of health.

Certifications and professional memberships

Dr. Erol is interested in traditional and alternative medicine practices in addition to modern medical practices, and holds Mesotherapy and Ozone Therapy Application certificates from the Ministry of Health.
He attaches importance to developing himself in curative, preventive, and protective health services and acquiring new competencies.

Other

Additionally, Dr. Erol, who enjoys taking long walks with his dog in his spare time, adopts a balanced lifestyle by taking care of both his physical and mental health

Frequently Asked Questions

Why do dark circles form?

Dark circles can form due to various reasons such as excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and stress but they can also be influenced by genetic factors.

How to remove under-eye circles?

Dark circles under eyes can be managed with lifestyle changes such as having your head elevated during sleep, protecting the skin from sun exposure, using eye creams, and getting enough sleep. However, caused by aging or genetic factors require cosmetic procedures.

What causes dark circles under the eyes?

Some of the external causes of dark circles under the eyes are lack of sleep, alcohol consumption, smoking, inflammation, eczema, hyperpigmentation, and stress, but it can also be hereditary.

What is hyaluronic acid?

Hyaluronic acid is a substance that makes the skin hydrated and flexible. It reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

Is under-eye light filling painful?

The under-eye light filling is considered to be painless, but the patients can experience slight discomfort during the procedure.

What are Restylane and Belotero?

Restylane and Belotero are dermo fillers made from hyaluronic acid. They are effective in reducing severe fine lines and creases.

What are the best products for dark circles under the eyes?

There are various dermatologically approved eye creams that you can choose from, but it is better to consult your dermatologist about which one to use.

About The Author

Created By

Publish Date

Update Date

Dr. Emre Erol

25/10/2022

17/12/2024

He graduated from Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine in 2006. Dr. Emre Erol completed his specialization at Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine. In addition to being an active physician in the Ministry of Health for 16 years, he has held administrative positions such as educator, manager and responsible physician for more than 10 years. Dr. Erol is interested in traditional and alternative medicine practices as well as modern medicine practices and has the Ministry of Health Mesotherapy and Ozone Therapy Application certificates.

Resources & References

Dark circles under eyes Causes – Mayo Clinic. (n.d.).
https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/dark-circles-under-eyes/basics/causes/sym-20050624

Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-d). Dark Circles Under Eyes.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23128-dark-circles-under-eyes

Fries, W. C. (2012, November 1). Solutions for Dark Circles and Puffy Eyes.
https://www.webmd.com/beauty/features/eyes-puffy-circles

Sissons, B. (2024, February 15). What causes dark circles under the eyes?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325989